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一、本章内容概要 # 1.关于艺术的本质这个艺术学学科的根本问题，艺术史上的几种主要看法：

1．本教材由“艺术总论”、“艺术种类”和“艺术系统”三部分（三编）组成。 上编“艺术总论”包括：“艺术的本质与特征”、“艺术的起源”、“艺术的功能与艺术教育”和“文化系统中的艺术”四章。 其中“艺术的本质与特征”一章，讲述了“艺术本质”在艺术史上的几种主要看法，如：“客观精神说”、“主观精神说”、“模仿说”（或“再现说”），论述了艺术本质问题的科学理论基础。 “艺术的起源”一章，归纳了关于艺术起源的几种主要观点， 如：“艺术起源于‘模仿’”、“艺术起源于‘巫术’”、“艺术起源于‘表现’”，分析了人类实践与艺术起源的关系。 “艺术功能与艺术教育”一章，论述了艺术的社会功能，如“审美认识作用”、“审美教育作用”和“审美娱乐作用”，讲述了“美育与艺术教育”、“艺术教育在当代社会生活中的重要意义”和“艺术教育的任务和目标”。 “文化系统中的艺术”一章，讲述了“作为文化现象的艺术”，分析了艺术与哲学、艺术与宗教、艺术与道德和艺术与科学之间的关系。

案情介绍 # 德国建筑商A于1993年8月底与美国生产商B联系，要求美国生产商B向其报4万吨钢缆的价格，并明确告诉美国生产商B，此次报价是为了计算向某项工程的投标，投标将于同年10月1日开始进行，10月10日便可得知投标结果。同年9月10日，美国生产商B向德国建筑商A发出正式要约，要约中条件完整，但要约中既没有规定承诺期限，也没有注明要约是不可撤销的。同年9月中旬起，国际市场钢缆的价格猛涨，在此种情况下，美国生产商B于10月2日向德国建筑商A发出撤销其9月10日要约的传真。同年10月10日，当德国建筑商A得知自己已中标的消息后，仍立即向美国生产商B发去传真，对9月10日的要约表示承诺。此后，美国生产商B争辩他已于10月2日撤销了要约，因此合同不能成立。双方就合同是否有效成立发生了纠纷。

30. NOTICE All notices, including daily communications, to be given to either party shall be given to the following addresses by mail, e-mail or facsimile. Important notices, in which rights and/or obligations of either party are involved shall be given by registered mail, and such notices shall be deemed to have been valid seven (7) days after their dispatch. Either party may change its address by giving prior notice to the other party, delivered in the same manner set forth hereinabove. For the Buyer :（买方地址：）

17. PERFORMANCE BOND, WARRANTY BOND AND REFUND BOND **（**履约保证金、质量保证金和预付款保证金） 17.1 Performance Bond（履约保函） In order to assure the Buyer that the Seller’s obligations under the Contract shall be performed and fulfilled, the Seller shall establish a Performance Bond in the amount of ten percent (10%) of the Contract Price, which shall be maintained from the Effective Date of the Contract to the date plus two (2) months from the last delivery date of the Equipment in the form of an absolute and unconditional bank guarantee to be issued by a first-class bank or any other type of guarantee acceptable to the Buyer and in favor of the Buyer and to be advised to the Buyer as specified in Article 30 hereof through a prime bank or to be directly mailed to the Buyer. The Performance Bond shall be payable on demand and unconditionally at the Buyer’s request for payment which comprises an invoice and the Buyer’s simple statement that the Seller has failed to comply with any term and condition set forth in the Contract. The Buyer shall be entitled to withdraw corresponding amounts out of the Performance Bond in the event that the Seller defaults on its obligations under the Contract.

16. WARRANTIES**（**保证） 16.1 The Seller shall warrant that all the Equipment supplied by the Seller shall, except for normal wear and tear, be new and free from defects, be of first class workmanship and materials and show no defects due to faulty design, materials or workmanship under normal operating conditions. 卖方应保证，除正常磨损外，由卖方提供的所有设备均应为全新而无缺陷的，是以第一流的工艺和材料制造的，在正常使用情况下不会因错误的设计或不良的材料或工艺而引起损坏。

15. LIQUIDATED DAMAGES**（**损失的清算） 15.1 Liquidated Damages for Delayed Delivery（延迟交货的违约赔偿金） In case there is a delay in the delivery of the Equipment beyond the date of delivery specified in the Contract due to reasons attributable to the Seller, the Buyer is entitled to claim liquidated damages per day of delay in an amount equivalent to one tenth of one percent (0.1%) of the contract amount including V.A.T. of the Unit of Supply to which the delayed Equipment Such liquidated damages shall not exceed five percent (5%) of the contract amount including V.A.T.

4. CONTRACT PRICE AND PAYMENT TERMS**（**合同价格与付款条件） 4.1 The Contract Price is made on a fixed price basis and consists of the prices for all the supplies and services in the Article 3.1 hereof. However, the Contract Price is subject to any valid adjustments made through the application of the relevant provisions in the Contract.

3. SCOPE OF CONTRACT**（**合同范围） 3.1 The Seller shall provide the following supplies and services under the terms and conditions of the Contract as more fully set out in the Contract Specifications: 卖方应根据合同条款提供下列供货和服务，详见技术合同：