快轉到主要內容

世界贸易组织法 第二章 世界贸易组织的运行机制

·1080 字·3 分鐘
Y Cheung
作者
Y Cheung
Blogger, Programer & Traveler.
目錄
WTO世界贸易组织法笔记 - 本文屬於一個選集。
§ : 本文

第一节 加入和退出机制
#

  1. 成员方资格的取得

根据《建立WTO协定》,WTO成员可以是主权国家,也可以是作为国际组织的欧共体,以及独立的对外商业关系地区(单独关税区),如香港和澳门。WTO成员分创始成员和加入成员。

  • 创始成员方。创始成员方是指在世界贸易组织协定生效时,关贸总协定的缔约方和欧共体,凡接受世界贸易组织协定及其多边贸易协定,向世界贸易组织提交了关税减让表和其他承诺以及对服务贸易总协定的特变成年表,并将这些减让表附录于1994关贸总协定和服务贸易总协定的国家和地区。

  • 加入缔约方。任何世界贸易组织的非成员方(包括主权国家和单独关税领土)只要符合一定的条件,都可以成为世界贸易组织的加入成员方。

  1. 成员方资格的丧失

根据世界贸易组织协定第15条的规定,任何成员方可以退出协定,并同时退出各项多边贸易协定。成员方退出于总干事收到退出书面通知之日起6个月以后生效。

第二节 WTO的决策机制
#

  1. 概述

WTO决策机制的特点:协商一致与投票表决相结合,协商一致为常规和先导,投票表决为例外和后盾。

  1. 协商一致(Consensus)

协商一致是世界贸易组织基本的决策方式,即只要出席会议的常约方中没有出于对通过的决议表示真实的反对时就认为有关机构已经以协商一致的方式对提交审议的事项做出了决定。(一票否决)

  1. 投票表决

当不能以协商一致的方式做出决定时,有关事项应以投票的方式决定。四种具体情况是:

  1. 对多边贸易协定的任何一项解释;

  2. 豁免特定成员所承担的多边贸易协定下的一项义务;

  3. 关于多边贸易协定的有关条款的修正案;

  4. 接受新成员的决定。

  1. 世界贸易组织的决策程序

    1. 当解释各项多边贸易协定时,应以3/4的多数票通过。

    2. 豁免某成员在各多边贸易协定中的所承担的义务时,由部长会议以成员方3/4多数票通过。

    3. 修正案的表决由部长大会在90天或确定的更长期限内,首先按照协商一致原则作出关于将修正案提请各成员接受的决定。若在确定的期限内未能协商一致,则进行投票表决,需由成员的2/3多数通过。

    4. 接纳新成员方的决定由部长会议作出。部长会议已世界贸易组织成员方2/3多数通过的方式批准关于接纳条件的协定。

第三节 贸易政策审议机制(TPRM)
#

TPRM的作用:

  1. 为各成员对受审议成员进行提问和讨论提供了一个论坛

  2. 接受审议成员对其贸易及其相关政策的解释和说明,有助于增加成员之间的相互了解,减少或避免贸易争端。

  3. 为WTO审议其成员的贸易政策,以及为评估国际贸易环境的发展变化提供了场所和机会,有助于增加多边贸易体制的透明度。

各成员参与审议和评估,可以为接受审议成员在贸易政策指定和改进方面提供一些意见或建议,有助于督促其履行作为WTO成员的义务。

WTO世界贸易组织法笔记 - 本文屬於一個選集。
§ : 本文

相關文章

The Trial

·770 字·2 分鐘
American law provides for jury trials in most actions for damages. This means that in those cases, either party may assert the right to have the facts tried by the jury. If neither wishes so, the judge will try the facts as well as apply the law. If a jury has been demanded, the first step of the trial is to impanel the jurors, who are selected at random from lists of eligible citizens. The court and lawyers for both parties will question the prospective jurors to determine their fairness and impartiality. If any of them is found to be biased, he may be challenged for cause and excused. A certain number of peremptory challenges, for which no cause need to be given, may also be exercised to reject potential jurors.

Discovery

·726 字·2 分鐘
American civil procedure allows lawyers in civil suits to get information from the opposing party and from witnesses. The techniques for this purpose are called pre-trial discovery. The chief method of discovery is deposing of the parties and witnesses. In this out-of court procedure, the person whose deposition is taken is questoned under oath by lawyers for each side. the device is useful in finding information that is relevant to the case. The parties almost certainly will want depositions taken of each other, because they are treated as admissions, and can be used by their adversaries as evidence at trial.

Pleadings and Motions Attacking Pleadings

·675 字·2 分鐘
Civil litigation begins with the pleadings. A pleading is a legal document filed with the court that sets forth the position and contentions of a party. The purpose of pleadings in civil actions is to define the issues of the lawsuits. This is accomplished by each pary making allegations of fact and the other party either admitting the allegatons or denying them. The first of the pleadings is usually called a complaint. A complaint is a written statement which sets forth the plaintiff’s allegations against the defendant. To be legally sufficient, a complaint must contain one or more “causes of action”, that is, one or more sets of facts or allegations that make up the legal grounds for filing a lawsuit, such as “breach of contract” or “fraud”. Besides, a complaint must state the plaintiff’s claim, i.e., what relief he is seeking to obtain.

Commencing a Legal Action

·793 字·2 分鐘
Lawsuits do not begin themselves. Someone must first decide to sue someone else for an alleged injury. If the decision is made intelligently, the person choosing to sue must have weighted several matters, among which at least three are basic. A potential litigant obviously feels aggrieved. But before making the decision to sue, he must first consider whether the grievance is one for which the law furnishes a relief. There are many wrongs that the law will not redress. if a person has suffered an injury that is not redressable by a court of law, litigation will be a fruitless attempt.

论WTO贸易救济措施

·2216 字·5 分鐘
摘要: WTO是当今世界多边贸易体制的组织和法律基础,其宗旨是倡导并致力于推动贸易自由化,要求成员尽可能地取消不必要的贸易障碍并开放市场,为货物和服务在国际间的流动提供便利。前身GATT经历了八轮贸易谈判后,关税大幅度降低,一些补贴也不允许使用,这对成员方贸易障碍措施的使用起到了限制作用。与此同时,WTO的成员可通过援用贸易救济措施,即反倾销、反补贴和保障措施等,消除或减轻自由贸易可能带来的负面影响,从而可以更加从容地应对自由贸易带来的各种冲击,维护自身的利益。本文阐述了WTO贸易救济措施的相关规定,及它们之间关系的辨析。