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2008
The Adversary System
The law of procedure can be divided into criminal and civil. Civil procedure is the body of rules by which the parties in civil litigation use the court to settle disputes.
Generally, the party bringing the lawsuit to the court is called the plaintiff, and the party against whom the action is brought is called the defendant. On appeal, the appealing party is usually referred to as appellant, and the winning party at trial is called the appellee.
The Dual Court System 双轨制法院体系
The American judicial system, reflecting the overall decentralized nature of its government, comprises a large number of federal and state courts.
The federal and the state judicial systems are each constructed like a pyramid. Entry-level courts at both the state and federal levels are trial courts, tn which witnesses are called, other evidence is presented and the fact-finder ( ajury or sometimes a jujdge ) is called upon to decide issues of fact based on the law.
Law under American Federalism
The United States has a federal system of government. What this means is that under the US Constitution there is a national, or federal, government, and there are individual states, each enjoying a substantial degree of autonomy. Each state has its own constitution, its own government, its own set of statutory laws made by its own legislature, and, because of the common law tradition, a body of case law created by its own courts.
美国法院体系 The American Court System
Unlike most countries in the world, actually, there are fifty-two court systems in America—one for each of the fifty states, one for the District of Columbia, plus a federal system—similarities abound. The state court systems are established according to the constitution of each state. The federal courts are not superior to the state courts; they are simply independent systems of courts, which derives its authority from Article 3, Section2, of the U.S. Constitution. Although state court systems differ, Exhibit3-1 illustrates the basic organizational structure characteristic of the court system in many states. The exhibit also shows how federal court system is structured.
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最近在看的日剧： # 《正义的伙伴》：讲两姐妹的生活的，很搞笑啊姐姐好厉害，妹妹也很厉害，行动力超强的两姊妹。羡慕啊不过等着看帅哥可能就要失望了，里面的男主角好像都不是很帅，MS小的那个还是J家的？有点像。不过觉得他有点呆楞楞的…是故意扮演成这样子的么…剧情发展越来越好看啦。已经4话了。